glossary

argument: evidence that justifies the support of a claim. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

conclusion: a claim that should be supported by the argument presented. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

consisitency: a set of propositions that can all be deemed true at the same time. (argumentation lecture 2.11.20)

deductive arguments: take a stance and make a claim based upon universal truths, or facts in the world. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

deductive validity: an argument in which the conclusion is a result of the premises. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

descriptive: how things are. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

determinism: whatever happens, happens necessarily. every event has causes.

epistemology: the study of knowledge, especially with regards to its methods, validity, and scope. (lecture 2.18.20)

fallacy of presumption: a fallacy of presumption usually presents a claim that is not backed up or warranted by any evidence. it is an unjustified claim and cannot be connected to a truth. (fallacy lecture 2.13.20)

fallacy of relevance: a fallacy presents evidence that is loosely in not unrelated to the truth value of the conclusion. fallacies of relevance usually use emotional and physcological appeals. (fallacy lecture 2.13.20)

fatalism: our fate is entirely determined from the origins of the universe.

foundationalism: a form of certainty that serves as a basis for a system of knowledge.

grandiloquent: speaking in an excessively high manner meant to impress or give the impression of intelligence.

hard determinism: determinism rules out of free will, so our experience of free will is an illusion.

ignominious: something that is humiliating or degrading.

induction: involves drawing knowledge from a specific event and applying it to a current situation. (argumentation lecture 2.11.20)

inductive argument: an inductive argument uses past knowledge to make a future, claim, judgement, or choice. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

inductive strength: if an agrument is inductively strong, the conclusion will most likely be true if the premises are true as well. (argumentatio lecture 2.11.20)

irrevocably: a manner in which something can absolutely not be changed or manipulated.

methodological doubt: when one doubts any proposition if there is the smallest reason too.

paramount: something that is of greater significance than anything else.

per contra: on the contrary, or on the other hand.

premises: premises are the reasons given that lead to a conclusion, whether it be true or false. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

prescriptive: how things ought to be. prescription involves moral evaluation. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

psychological continuity: a single being that has recorded a series of events. (hume lecture)

scientific determinism: since every event in nature has a cause or causes that account for its occurrence, and since human beings exist in nature, human acts and choices are as determined as anything else in the world.

scintillate: to emit a flash of light or a sparkle.

soft determinism: free will and determinism are compatible with each other so both can be true.

soundness: soundness is established if all the premises prove true and the argument is valid. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

subjectivity: characterizes the subject or is derived from the subject and his activity.

true: a statement can only be considered true if it connects to an actual fact in the world. (argumentation lecture 2.6.20)

validity: validity is present if there is a logical connection between the premises. (argumentation lecture 2.11.20)

wanton: the disregard for what is right or just.